sbool englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_debug, englishToConceptLanguage_useBrackets = true;
sbool englishToConceptLanguage_unquote;

static new ThreadLocal<Int> englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_level;

sS englishToConceptLanguage_xyz(S s, O preprocess) {
  assertNotNull("Input", s);
  /*int level = englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_level.get();
  if (level >= englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_maxLevel) fail("max level");
  englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_level.set(level+1);
  try {*/
  s = postProcess(preprocess, s);
  
  // pattern matching all concepts against full string
  for (AIConcept c : englishToConceptLanguage_concepts()) {
    if (empty(c.name)) {
      print("Warning, empty name: " + c.globalID);
      continue;
    }
    S name = postProcess(preprocess, c.name);
    try answer englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_with(c.globalID, name, s);
  }
  
  // no full string match. go word by word
  L<S> tok = javaTok(s);
  if (l(tok) <= 3) null;
  for (int i = 1; i < l(tok); i += 2) {
    S x = englishToConceptLanguage(unquote(tok.get(i)));
    if (nempty(x)) tok.set(i, conceptQuote(x));
  }
  S x = join(tok);
  ret eq(x, s) ? null : x;
}

sS englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_sub(S name, S original, S s) {
  if (englishToConceptLanguage_unquote) s = unquote(s);
  if (l(s) >= l(original)) fail("Bad sub: " + quote(name) + " " + quote(s));
  S s2 = or2(englishToConceptLanguage(s), s);
  if (englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_debug)
    print("xyz_sub " + quote(s) + " => " + quote(s2));
  if (englishToConceptLanguage_useBrackets)
    ret isIdentifier(s2) || isInteger(s2) || isProperlyQuoted(s2) ? s2 : "(" + s2 + ")";
  ret conceptQuote(s2);
}

sS englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_with(S id, S s) {
  ret englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_with(getAIConcept(id), s);
}

sS englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_with(AIConcept c, S s) {
  if (c == null) null;
  ret englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_with(c.globalID, c.name, s);
}

sS englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_with(S id, S name, S s) {
  new Matches m;
  L<S> tok = javaTokC(name);
  if (l(tok) < 2) null;
  //replace(tok, "*", "\\*");
  if (tok.contains("*")) null;
  int n = numberOfXYZVars_c(tok);
  if (n == 0) null;
  S pat = formatXYZ(name, rep(n, "*"));
  bool yes = flexMatchIC2(pat, s, m, false);
  if (englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_debug && yes)
    print("xyz: " + n + " " + pat + " - " + s + " => " + (yes ? struct(m) : "-"));
  if (!yes) null;
  if (n != l(m.m)) null;
  new TreeMap<Int, S> map;
  for i over tok: {
    int x = xyzVarToIndex(tok.get(i));
    if (x != 0)
      map.put(i, englishToConceptLanguage_xyz_sub(name, s, m.m[x-1]));
  }
  ret aiUsing(id) + " " + join(" ", values(map));
}

Began life as a copy of #1007424