static bool structure_showTiming, structure_checkTokenCount;

static S structure(O o) {
  ret structure(o, new structure_Data);
}

static S structure(O o, structure_Data d) {
  new StringWriter sw;
  d.out = new PrintWriter(sw);
  structure_go(o, d);
  S s = str(sw);
  if (structure_checkTokenCount) {
    print("token count=" + d.n);
    assertEquals("token count", l(javaTokC(s)), d.n);
  }
  ret s;
}

static void structure_go(O o, structure_Data d) {
  structure_1(o, d);
  while (nempty(d.stack))
    popLast(d.stack).run();
}

static void structureToPrintWriter(O o, PrintWriter out, structure_Data d default new) {
  d.out = out;
  structure_go(o, d);
}

// leave to false, unless unstructure() breaks
static boolean structure_allowShortening = false;

// info on how to serialize objects of a certain class
sclass structure_ClassInfo {
  Class c;
  L<Field> fields;
  Method customSerializer;
  IVF1<O> serializeObject; // can be set by caller of structure function
  bool special; // various special classes
  bool nullInstances; // serialize all instances as null (e.g. lambdas/anonymous classes)
}

sclass structure_Data {
  PrintWriter out;
  int stringSizeLimit;
  int shareStringsLongerThan = 20;
  bool noStringSharing;
  bool storeBaseClasses;
  bool honorFieldOrder = true;
  S mcDollar = actualMCDollar();

  new IdentityHashMap<O, Integer> seen;
  //new BitSet refd;
  new HashMap<S, Int> strings;
  new HashSet<S> concepts;
  HashMap<Class, structure_ClassInfo> infoByClass = new HashMap;
  new HashMap<Class, Field> persistenceInfo;
  int n; // token count
  new L<Runnable> stack;
  
  // append single token
  structure_Data append(S token) { out.print(token); ++n; ret this; }
  structure_Data append(int i) { out.print(i); ++n; ret this; }
  
  // append multiple tokens
  structure_Data append(S token, int tokCount) { out.print(token); n += tokCount; ret this; }
  
  // extend last token
  structure_Data app(S token) { out.print(token); ret this; }
  structure_Data app(int i) { out.print(i); ret this; }

  structure_ClassInfo infoForClass(Class c) {
    structure_ClassInfo info = infoByClass.get(c);
    if (info == null) info = newClass(c);
    ret info;
  }
  
  // called when a new class is detected
  // can be overridden by clients
  structure_ClassInfo newClass(Class c) {
    new structure_ClassInfo info;
    info.c = c;
    infoByClass.put(c, info);
    
    try {
      if (isSyntheticOrAnonymous(c)) {
        info.special = info.nullInstances = true;
        ret info;
      }
      
      if ((info.customSerializer = findMethodNamed(c, '_serialize))
        != null) info.special = true;
        
      if (storeBaseClasses) {
        Class sup = c.getSuperclass();
        if (sup != O) {
          append("bc ");
          append(shortDynClassNameForStructure(c));
          out.print(" ");
          append(shortDynClassNameForStructure(sup));
          out.print(" ");
          infoForClass(sup); // transitively write out superclass relations
        }
      }
      
      if (!isPersistableClass(c))
        warn("Class not persistable: " + c + " (anonymous or no default constructor)");
    } catch print e {
      info.nullInstances = true;
    }
    
    ret info;
  }
  
  void setFields(structure_ClassInfo info, L<Field> fields) { 
    info.fields = fields;
  }
  
  void writeObject(O o, S shortName, MapSO fv) {
    S singleField = fv.size() == 1 ? first(fv.keySet()) : null;
  
    append(shortName);
    n += countDots(shortName)*2; // correct token count
    ifdef structure_debug
      print("Fields for " + shortName + ": " + fv.keySet());
    endifdef
  
    int l = n;
    Iterator it = fv.entrySet().iterator();
    
    stack.add(r {
      if (!it.hasNext()) {
        if (n != l)
          append(")");
      } else {
        Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry) it.next();
        append(n == l ? "(" : ", ");
        append((S) e.getKey()).append("=");
        stack.add(this);
        structure_1(e.getValue(), structure_Data.this);
      }
    });
  }
}

static void structure_1(final Object o, final structure_Data d) ctex {
  if (o == null) { d.append("null"); ret; }
  
  Class c = o.getClass();
  bool concept = false;
  ifclass Concept
    concept = o instanceof Concept;
  endif
  structure_ClassInfo info = d.infoForClass(c);
  
  L<Field> lFields = info.fields;
  if (lFields == null) {
    // these are never back-referenced (for readability)
    
    if (o instanceof Number) {
      PrintWriter out = d.out;
if (o instanceof Integer) { int i = ((Int) o).intValue(); out.print(i); d.n += i < 0 ? 2 : 1; ret; }
      if (o instanceof Long) { long l = ((Long) o).longValue(); out.print(l); out.print("L"); d.n += l < 0 ? 2 : 1; ret; }
      if (o cast Short) { short s = o.shortValue(); d.append("sh "); out.print(s); d.n += s < 0 ? 2 : 1; ret; }
      if (o instanceof Float) { d.append("fl ", 2); quoteToPrintWriter(str(o), out); ret; }
      if (o instanceof Double) { d.append("d(", 3); quoteToPrintWriter(str(o), out); d.append(")"); ret; }
      if (o instanceof BigInteger) { out.print("bigint("); out.print(o); out.print(")"); d.n += ((BigInteger) o).signum() < 0 ? 5 : 4; ret; }
    }
  
    if (o instanceof Boolean) {
      d.append(((Boolean) o).booleanValue() ? "t" : "f"); ret;
    }
      
    if (o instanceof Character) {
      d.append(quoteCharacter((Character) o)); ret;
    }
      
    if (o instanceof File) {
      d.append("File ").append(quote(((File) o).getPath())); ret;
    }
      
    // referencable objects follow
    
    Int ref = d.seen.get(o);
    if (o instanceof S && ref == null) ref = d.strings.get((S) o);
    if (ref != null) { /*d.refd.set(ref);*/ d.append("t").app(ref); ret; }

    if (!o instanceof S)
      d.seen.put(o, d.n); // record token number
    else {
      S s = d.stringSizeLimit != 0 ? shorten((S) o, d.stringSizeLimit) : (S) o;
      if (!d.noStringSharing) {
        if (d.shareStringsLongerThan == Int.MAX_VALUE)
          d.seen.put(o, d.n);
        if (l(s) >= d.shareStringsLongerThan)
          d.strings.put(s, d.n);
      }
      quoteToPrintWriter(s, d.out); d.n++; ret;
    }
      
    if (o cast Set) {
      /*O set2 = unwrapSynchronizedSet(o);
      if (set2 != o) {
        d.append("sync");
        o = set2;
      } TODO */
      
      if (o instanceof TreeSet) {
        d.append(isCISet_gen(o) ? "ciset" : "treeset");
        structure_1(new ArrayList(o), d);
        ret;
      }
      
      // assume it's a HashSet or LinkedHashSet
      d.append(o instanceof LinkedHashSet ? "lhs" : "hashset");
      structure_1(new ArrayList(o), d);
      ret;
    }
    
    S name = c.getName();
    
    if (o instanceof Collection
      && !isJavaXClassName(name)
      /* && neq(name, "main$Concept$RefL") */) {
      
      // it's a list
    
      if (name.equals("java.util.Collections$SynchronizedList")
        || name.equals("java.util.Collections$SynchronizedRandomAccessList")) {
        d.append("sync ");
        ret with structure_1(unwrapSynchronizedList(o/List), d);
      }
      else if (name.equals("java.util.LinkedList")) d.append("ll");
      d.append("[");
      final int l = d.n;
      final Iterator it = cloneList((Collection) o).iterator();
      d.stack.add(r {
        if (!it.hasNext())
          d.append("]");
        else {
          d.stack.add(this);
          if (d.n != l) d.append(", ");
          structure_1(it.next(), d);
        }
      });
      ret;
    }
    
    ifdef OurSyncCollections
      if (o cast SynchronizedMap) {
        d.append("sync ");
        ret with structure_1(o.m, d);
      }
    endifdef

    
    if (o instanceof Map && !startsWith(name, d.mcDollar)) {
      if (o instanceof LinkedHashMap) d.append("lhm");
      else if (o instanceof HashMap) d.append("hm");
      else if (o cast TreeMap)
        d.append(isCIMap_gen(o) ? "cimap" : "tm");
      else if (name.equals("java.util.Collections$SynchronizedMap")
        || name.equals("java.util.Collections$SynchronizedSortedMap")
        || name.equals("java.util.Collections$SynchronizedNavigableMap")) {
        d.append("sync "); 
        ret with structure_1(unwrapSynchronizedMap(o/Map), d);
      }
      
      d.append("{");
      final int l = d.n;
      final Iterator it = cloneMap((Map) o).entrySet().iterator();
      
      d.stack.add(new Runnable() {
        bool v;
        Map.Entry e;
        
        public void run() {
          if (v) {
            d.append("=");
            v = false;
            d.stack.add(this);
            structure_1(e.getValue(), d);
          } else {
            if (!it.hasNext())
              d.append("}");
            else {
              e = (Map.Entry) it.next();
              v = true;
              d.stack.add(this);
              if (d.n != l) d.append(", ");
              structure_1(e.getKey(), d);
            }
          }
        }
      });
      ret;
    }
    
    if (c.isArray()) {
      if (o instanceof byte[]) {
        d.append("ba ").append(quote(bytesToHex((byte[]) o))); ret;
      }
  
      final int n = Array.getLength(o);
  
      if (o instanceof bool[]) {
        S hex = boolArrayToHex((bool[]) o);
        int i = l(hex);
        while (i > 0 && hex.charAt(i-1) == '0' && hex.charAt(i-2) == '0') i -= 2;
        d.append("boolarray ").append(n).app(" ").append(quote(substring(hex, 0, i))); ret;
      }
      
      S atype = "array"/*, sep = ", "*/; // sep is not used yet
  
      if (o instanceof int[]) {
        //ret "intarray " + quote(intArrayToHex((int[]) o));
        atype = "intarray";
        //sep = " ";
      } else if (o instanceof double[]) {
        atype = "dblarray";
        //sep = " ";
      } else {
        Pair<Class, Int> p = arrayTypeAndDimensions(c);
        if (p.a == int.class) atype = "intarray";
        else if (p.a == byte.class) atype = "bytearray";
        else if (p.a == bool.class) atype = "boolarray";
        else if (p.a == double.class) atype = "dblarray";
        else if (p.a == S) { atype = "array S"; d.n++; }
        else atype = "array"; // fail("Unsupported array type: " + p.a);
        if (p.b > 1) {
          atype += "/" + p.b; // add number of dimensions
          d.n += 2; // 2 additional tokens will be written
        }
      }
      
      d.append(atype).append("{");
      d.stack.add(new Runnable() {
        int i;
        public void run() {
          if (i >= n)
            d.append("}");
          else {
            d.stack.add(this);
            if (i > 0) d.append(", ");
            structure_1(Array.get(o, i++), d);
          }
        }
      });
      ret;
    }
  
    if (o instanceof Class) {
      d.append("class(", 2).append(quote(((Class) o).getName())).append(")"); ret;
    }
      
    if (o instanceof Throwable) {
      d.append("exception(", 2).append(quote(((Throwable) o).getMessage())).append(")"); ret;
    }
      
    if (o instanceof BitSet) {
      BitSet bs = (BitSet) o;
      d.append("bitset{", 2);
      int l = d.n;
      for (int i = bs.nextSetBit(0); i >= 0; i = bs.nextSetBit(i+1)) {
        if (d.n != l) d.append(", ");
        d.append(i);
      }
      d.append("}"); ret;
    }
      
    // Need more cases? This should cover all library classes...
    if (name.startsWith("java.") || name.startsWith("javax.")) {
      d.append("j ").append(quote(str(o))); ret; // Hm. this is not unstructure-able
    }
    
    ifclass Lisp
      if (o instanceof Lisp) {
        d.append("l(", 2);
        final Lisp lisp = cast o;
        structure_1(lisp.head, d);
        final Iterator it = lisp.args == null ? emptyIterator() : lisp.args.iterator();
        d.stack.add(r {
          if (!it.hasNext())
            d.append(")");
          else {
            d.stack.add(this);
            d.append(", ");
            structure_1(it.next(), d);
          }
        });
        ret;
      }
    endif
      
    /*if (name.equals("main$Lisp")) {
      fail("lisp not supported right now");
    }*/
    
    if (info.special) {
      if (info.customSerializer != null) {
        // custom serialization (_serialize method)
        O o2 = invokeMethod(info.customSerializer, o);
        d.append("cu ");
        S shortName = dropPrefix(d.mcDollar, name);
        d.append(shortName);
        d.out.append(' ');
        structure_1(o2, d);
        ret;
      } else if (info.nullInstances) ret with d.append("null");
      else if (info.serializeObject != null)
        ret with info.serializeObject.get(o);
      else fail("unknown special type");
    }
    
    S dynName = shortDynClassNameForStructure(o);
    if (concept && !d.concepts.contains(dynName)) {
      d.concepts.add(dynName);
      d.append("c ");
    }
    
    // serialize an object with fields.
    // first, collect all fields and values in fv.
    
    TreeSet<Field> fields = new TreeSet<Field>(new Comparator<Field>() {
      public int compare(Field a, Field b) {
        ret stdcompare(a.getName(), b.getName());
      }
    });
    
    Class cc = c;
    while (cc != Object.class) {
      for (Field field : getDeclaredFields_cached(cc)) {
        S fieldName = field.getName();
        if (fieldName.equals("_persistenceInfo"))
          d.persistenceInfo.put(c, field);
        if ((field.getModifiers() & (java.lang.reflect.Modifier.STATIC | java.lang.reflect.Modifier.TRANSIENT)) != 0)
          continue;

        fields.add(field);
        
        // put special cases here...?
      }
        
      cc = cc.getSuperclass();
    }
    
    lFields = asList(d.honorFieldOrder ? fieldObjectsInFieldOrder(c, fields) : fields);

    // Render this$0/this$1 first because unstructure needs it for constructor call.
    
    int n = l(lFields);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      Field f = lFields.get(i);
      if (f.getName().startsWith("this$")) {
        lFields.remove(i);
        lFields.add(0, f);
        break;
      }
    }
  
    ifdef structure_debug
      print("Saving fields for " + c + ": " + lFields);
    endifdef
    d.setFields(info, lFields);
  } // << if (lFields == null)
  else { // ref handling for lFields != null
    Int ref = d.seen.get(o);
    if (ref != null) { /*d.refd.set(ref);*/ d.append("t").app(ref); ret; }
    d.seen.put(o, d.n); // record token number
  }

  // get _persistenceInfo from field and/or dynamic field
  Field persistenceInfoField = cast d.persistenceInfo.get(c);
  MapSO persistenceInfo = persistenceInfoField == null ? null : (Map) persistenceInfoField.get(o);
  
  if (persistenceInfoField == null && o instanceof DynamicObject)
    persistenceInfo = (MapSO) getOptDynOnly(o/DynamicObject, "_persistenceInfo");

  ifdef structure_debug
    print("persistenceInfo for " + c + ": " + persistenceInfo);
  endifdef
  new LinkedHashMap<S, O> fv;
  for (Field f : lFields) {
    Object value;
    try {
      value = f.get(o);
    } catch (Exception e) {
      value = "?";
    }
      
    if (value != null && (persistenceInfo == null
      || !Boolean.FALSE.equals(persistenceInfo.get(f.getName()))))
      fv.put(f.getName(), value);
    ifdef structure_debug
      else print("Skipping null field " + f.getName() + " for " + identityHashCode(o));
    endifdef
  }
  
  S name = c.getName();
  S shortName = dropPrefix("loadableUtils.utils$", dropPrefix(d.mcDollar, name));
  if (startsWithDigit(shortName)) shortName = name; // for anonymous classes
    
  // Now we have fields & values. Process fieldValues if it's a DynamicObject.
  
  // omit field "className" if equal to class's name
  if (concept && eq(fv.get("className"), shortName))
    fv.remove("className");
          
  if (o cast DynamicObject) {
    putAll(fv, (Map) fv.get("fieldValues"));
    fv.remove("fieldValues");
    if (o.className != null) {
      // TODO: this probably doesn't work with inner classes
      shortName = shortDynClassNameForStructure(o);
      fv.remove("className");
    }
  }
  
  d.writeObject(o, shortName, fv);
}