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sclass AI_BottomUpParser1 {
  Map<S, Set<S>> wordsToCategories;
  bool splitSplittables = true; // e.g. what's => what is
  S productionsText;
  
  L<Word> words;
  L<S> rawWords;
  L<S> cnc; // words + N tokens (null if unknown)
  
  new LinkedHashSet<Updatable> allObjects;
  long changes, iterations;
  new MultiMap<S, WeightedProduction> productionsByA;
  new MultiMap<S> subClasses;
  bool mergeGroupsInSamePosition = true;
  new HashMap<IntRange, Word> groupsByPosition;
  bool verbose_callPlausibilityFunction;
  Map<Int, L<S>> categoriesAtWordIndex; // user can set categories for each token
  int maxDepth = 100;
  bool maxDepthReached;
  
  // callbacks
  Runnable afterIteration, afterParse;

  class Updatable {
    void update {}
    
    void setField(S field, O value) {
      if (eq(get(this, field), value)) ret;
      set(this, field, value);
      change();
    }
  }
  
  class Expectation {
    S ifClass;
    Runnable action;
    
    *() {}
    *(S *ifClass, Runnable *action) {}
  }
  
  class Word extends Updatable {
    S text; // or null if unknown
    int wordFrom, wordTo; // token indices
    new LinkedHashSet<Word> prev;
    new LinkedHashSet<Word> next;
    new LinkedHashSet<L<Word>> constituents; // if group
    new L<Expectation> expectations;
    new L<Expectation> fulfilledExpectations;
    new TreeSet<S> classes;
    int classesConvertedToTraits;
    new LinkedHashSet<Word> groups; // I am part of
    new L<Trait> traits;
    
    *() {}
    *(S *text, int *wordFrom, int *wordTo) {
      classes.add(quote(lower(text)));
    }
    
    void update {
      // Add direct word classes
      if (text != null)
        for (S c : unnull(wordsToCategories.get(text)))
          addClass(c);
      
      // Process expectations
      for (Expectation e : cloneList(expectations)) {
        //print("Checking expected class " + e.ifClass);
        if (classes.contains(e.ifClass)) {
          moveElementFromCollectionToCollection(e, expectations, fulfilledExpectations);
          change();
          callF(e.action);
        }
      }
      
      if (l(classes) > classesConvertedToTraits) {
        for (fS c : dropFirst(classesConvertedToTraits, classes))
          addTraitsForClass(c);
        classesConvertedToTraits = l(classes);
      }
      
      for (Trait t : iterateListConcurrently(traits))
        t.update();
    }
    
    bool isGroup() { ret nempty(constituents); }
    
    bool addClass(S c) {
      if (!classes.addAll(makeHull_optimized(subClasses, c))) false;
      change(); true;
    }
    
    void addExpectation(Expectation e) {
      //print("addExpectation " + e);
      expectations.add(e);
      change();
    }
    
    void addTraitsForClass(S c) {
      for (WeightedProduction p : productionsByA.get(c))
        addTrait(new LinkWithTo(p.b, p.c, p.plausibilityFunction));
    }
    
    void addTrait(Trait t) {
      set(t, w := this);
      traits.add(t);
    }
    
    toString {
      ret textAndClasses(this);
    }
    
    bool hasClass(S c) { ret contains(classes, c); }
    S text() { ret text; }
  } // end of class Word
  
  Word makeGroup(Word a, Word b, S newClass) {
    L<Word> list = null;
    Word g = null;
    if (mergeGroupsInSamePosition)
      g = groupsByPosition.get(IntRange(a.wordFrom, b.wordTo));
    else { 
      list = ll(a, b);
      // look for existing group
      for (Word _g : a.groups)
        if (contains(_g.constituents, list)) { g = _g; break; }
    }
    
    if (list == null) list = ll(a, b);
    if (g != null) {
      g.constituents.add(list);
      if (g.addClass(newClass)) {
        //print("Added class " + newClass + " to existing group: " + a.text + " + " + b.text);
      }
      ret g;
    }

    // new group
    //print("Making group " + newClass + " " + a.text + " + " + b.text);
    //print("  prev=" + sfu(collect(a.prev, 'text)));
    //print("  next=" + sfu(collect(b.next, 'text)));
    g = new Word(joinWithSpace(a.text, b.text), a.wordFrom, b.wordTo);
    allObjects.add(g);
    if (mergeGroupsInSamePosition)
      groupsByPosition.put(IntRange(a.wordFrom, b.wordTo), g);
    g.addClass(newClass);
    g.constituents.add(list);
    for (Word w : list)
      w.groups.add(g);
    g.prev.addAll(a.prev);
    g.next.addAll(b.next);
    for (Word prev : a.prev) prev.next.add(g);
    for (Word next : b.next) next.prev.add(g);
    ret g;
  }
  
  class Trait extends Updatable {
    Word w;
  }
  
  class LinkWithTo extends Trait {
    S linkWith, linkTo; // classes
    S plausibilityFunction;
    int expectationsSentToNext;
    
    *() {}
    *(S *linkWith, S *linkTo, S *plausibilityFunction) {}
    
    void update {
      if (l(w.next) > expectationsSentToNext) {
        for (final Word next : dropFirst(expectationsSentToNext, w.next))
          next.addExpectation(new Expectation(linkWith, r {
            if (ai_parser_activateStandardFunctions_get() && plausibilityFunction != null) {
              loadFunctions_preferDiskCache(); // note: changes this for whole program
              O result = pcallAndMake(plausibilityFunction, w.text, next.text);
              if (verbose_callPlausibilityFunction)
                print("Called plausibility function " + plausibilityFunction + ": " + w.text + " + " + next.text + " => " + result);
              if (isFalse(result))
                ret;
            }
            makeGroup(w, next, linkTo)
          }));
        expectationsSentToNext = l(w.next);
      }
    }
  }
  
  void parse(L<S> tok) {
    cnc = /*simpleSpaces2*/(tok);
    rawWords = codeTokens(cnc);
    _parse();
  }
  
  AI_BottomUpParser1 parse(fS sentence) {
    rawWords = words_withAngleBrackets(sentence);
    _parse();
    this;
  }
  
  void _parse() {
    if (words != null) fail("only call once");
    if (splitSplittables)
      ai_splitSplittables(rawWords);
    
    if (wordsToCategories == null) wordsToCategories = ai_wordToCategories();
    parseProductions();
    
    words = new L;
    for i over rawWords: {
      Word w = new(rawWords.get(i), i, i+1);
      words.add(w);
      if (isAngleBracketed(w.text)) w.addClass(w.text);
      else if (isQuoted(w.text)) w.addClass("<noun>");
      else if (isInteger(w.text)) w.addClass("<number>");
      for (S cat : unnull(mapGet(categoriesAtWordIndex, i))) w.addClass(cat);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < l(words)-1; i++)
      linkWords(words.get(i), words.get(i+1));
    //printStruct(first(words));
    
    addAll(allObjects, words);
    long lastChanges;
    do {
      lastChanges = changes;
      //print(n2(changes, "change"));
      for (Updatable w : cloneList(allObjects))
        w.update();
      ++iterations;
      callF(afterIteration);
    } while (licensed() && lastChanges != changes);
    callF(afterParse);
  }
  
  void printWordsAndGroups() {
    for (Word w : words) print("  " + textAndClasses(w));
    print();
      
    L<Word> groups = groups();
    print();
    print(n2(groups, "group"));
    for (Word g : groups)
      print("Group: " + groupedTextAndClasses(g));
  }
  
  void printConstituentsOfFullGroup() {
    Word g = fullGroup();
    if (g == null) ret;
    print();
    pnl(allGroupings(g));
  }
  
  L<Word> words() { ret instancesOf(Word.class, allObjects); }
  L<Word> groups() { ret [Word w : words() | w.isGroup()]; }
  
  // only one with default flags
  L<Word> fullGroups() {
    ret filterByFields(words(), wordFrom := 0, wordTo := l(words));
  }
  
  Word fullGroup() {
    ret findByFields(words(), wordFrom := 0, wordTo := l(words));
  }
  
  Set<S> fullClasses() {
    new TreeSet<S> set;
    for (Word g : fullGroups())
      set.addAll(g.classes);
    ret set;
  }
  
  S bracketStuff(Word w) {
    ret " (" + joinWithComma(w.classes) +
      + (empty(w.constituents) ? "" : ", " + n2(w.constituents, "grouping")) +  ")";
  }
  
  S textAndClasses(Word w) { ret w.text + bracketStuff(w); }
  S groupedTextAndClasses(Word w) { ret grouped(w) + bracketStuff(w); }
  
  S fullGrouped() { ret grouped(fullGroup()); }
  
  void linkWords(Word a, Word b) {
    a.next.add(b);
    b.prev.add(a);
  }
  
  void change() { ++changes; }

  void parseProductions() {
    for (WeightedProduction p : 
      productionsText == null ? ai_buParser_parseWeightedProductions() : ai_buParser_parseWeightedProductions(productionsText))
      if (p.b != null)
        productionsByA.put(p.a, p);
      else
        subClasses.put(p.a, p.c);
  }

  // TODO: now there are multiple groupings
  S grouped(Word g) {
    if (g == null) null;
    if (empty(g.constituents)) ret g.text;
    ret groupedConstituents(first(g.constituents));
  }
  
  S groupedConstituents(L<Word> constituents) {
    new L<S> l;
    for (Word w : constituents)
      l.add(curlyBraceIfMultipleTokens(grouped(w)));
    ret joinWithSpace(l);
  }
  
  Set<S> allGroupings(Word g) {
    if (empty(g.constituents)) ret litorderedset(g.text);
    new LinkedHashSet<S> set;
    for (L<Word> l : g.constituents)
      set.add(groupedConstituents(l));
    ret set;
  }
}